Dangerous Effects Of Plastic Surgial Procedure - 1333 Words

Dangerous effects of plastic surgial procedure People are more and more drawn into thinking that their identities and bodies are similarly plastic, flexible, liquid. Karen Donley-Hayes, who is contributor to Cosmetic Surgery Times, Dermatology Times, and the Journal of the American Medical Association, contends: An extreme makeover culture is emerging. As procedures and techniques improve and become more affordable, cosmetic surgery has turned from luxury to a prerequisite in a society that emphasizes appearance over merit. Additionally, global economic and technological forces, promote disposability and constant upgrading; people pursue surgical enhancement to reinvent themselves and remain competitive (Donley-Hayes, 2011). Anthony Elliott thinks that the speed promoted by the global electronic economy drives and enables re-inventing one s own self. The new economy, in which disposability is elevated over durability and plasticity over permanence, creates fundamental anxieties and insecurities that more and more people are seeking to resolve at the level of the body, he argues. (Donley-Hayes, 2011). Consumerism or self-commodification offers a better take on what is occurring the financing of enhanced body parts is now creeping into monthly credit card statements but again this is not for me the core of what is driving the cosmetic reinvention craze. Professor Elliott says that, at an international level, bodies today are pumped, pummeled,Show MoreRelatedDangerous Effects Of Plastic Surgial Procedure846 Words   |  4 PagesDangerous effects of plastic surgial procedure People are more and more drawn into thinking that their identities and bodies are similarly plastic, flexible, liquid. Karen Donley-Hayes, who is contributor to Cosmetic Surgery Times, Dermatology Times, and the Journal of the American Medical Association, contends: An extreme makeover culture is emerging. As procedures and techniques improve and become more affordable, cosmetic surgery has turned from luxury to a prerequisite in a society

Ocd Essay - 1631 Words

These symptoms, mentioned previously, all lead to the conclusion that the person experiencing or performing them may be suffering from OCD; however, the more important question is what has led that patient to these symptoms? OCD may be caused due to biological factors. People with first-degree family members that have been diagnosed with OCD are more likely to experience OCD than other people with no OCD on their family members’ medical records. Some studies suggest that OCD is heritable as genes have potential to contribute â€Å"27%-47% of the patient’s likelihood to be diagnosed with OCD (Abramowitz and Taylor, 2009), but specific genes have not yet been identified. The other ≈50% are linked to environmental factors. Some aspects of the†¦show more content†¦With all these symptoms mentioned, and alterations within the body, there is a wide range of treatment that OCD patients can undergo. Unfortunately, OCD cannot be cured, and many researchers consid er it to be a life-long disorder; however, its symptoms can be managed through the proper medication. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are used as part of treatment, as they reduce depression by increasing the levels of serotonin in the brain. SSRI’s block the reuptake of serotonin, making more serotonin available for further use. Anti-depressants are also used when the patient reaches a point of helplessness, and possibly depression. On the other hand, anti-anxiety medication can also be utilized to help ease the patient’s anxiety when bombarded with discomforting obsessions that lead to compulsions. Exposure and response prevention therapy is utilized during cognitive-behavior therapy, where the psychologist or psychiatrist expose the patient to situations that provoke certain obsessions and anxiety, where the patient feels the urge to perform certain compulsions in order to reduce or end the anxiety he/she is feeling. The medical caregiver’s job is to help the patient overcome these obsessions by not performing the compulsions. The purpose of this type of therapy is to teach patients that abstaining from performing these compulsions will not result in these perceived harmful consequences (Abramowitz and Taylor, 2009). The therapy helpsShow MoreRelatedEssay On Ocd1199 Words   |  5 PagesAll grown-ups and youngsters with OCD report that their fixations cause them huge pain and tension and that they are more regular rather than comparative, nosy contemplations in people without OCD[31]. As far as QoL, people with OCD report an unavoidable lessening contrasted with controls[28]. Youth indicate tricky companion relations, scholastic troubles, rest issues, and take an interest in less recreational exercises than coordinated peers[32,33]. By and large, there is a lower QoL in pediatricRead MoreOcd Essay827 Words   |  4 Pagesexplain is known as Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). As the name suggests, obsessive compulsive disorde r is characterised by obsessions and compulsions. There are two explanations for this disorder; psychological and biological. The biological explanation of OCD focuses on genetics .i.e. role of certain chemical imbalances and family increasing likelihood of developing OCD. Family studies have shown that people with a first-degree relative with OCD have a five times greater risk than the normal populationRead MoreEssay On OCD1289 Words   |  6 PagesSet Free From OCD This is to show It was made to be, put in place, established earlier that any all OCD is not bad anymore in any all ways. This is to show It was made to be, put in place, established earlier that any all OCD is not bad anymore in any way shape or form. This is to show It was made to be, put in place, established earlier that any all OCD doesn’t have control over me anymore in any all ways. This is to show It was made to be, put in place, established earlier thatRead MoreThe Identification and Treatment of OCD Essay1221 Words   |  5 PagesThere are many different aspects to the identification and treatment of OCD and this paper attempts to identify classic symptoms and theorized risk factors/causes. In addition it explores the viable treatment options and evaluates the efficiency of each in alleviating symptoms while discussing how each treatment functions to facilitate recovery. Furthermore, it assesses the extent to which the treatments may be used together to maximize effectiveness and then provides a probable prognosis. VerifyingRead MoreTreatment Plan for Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) Essay1334 Words   |  6 PagesThis essay will cover what obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is and how leisure education can be used to help these individuals who have been diagnosed with OCD. This essay will discuss the various characteristics that can be noticed with an individual who has been diagnosed with OCD and also introduce different leisure activities that can be used to help these individuals. The overall goal for this essay is to provide strong evidence showing that leisure education can be useful in helping individualsRead MoreCollege Writing And High School Writing941 Words   |  4 Pages Throughout the semester, I have definitely improved my diction and how I organize my essays and my introductions, but I feel as though my time management skills could use some enhancement. English was always my strongest subject, especially when it came to vocabulary tests. I had a talent for memorizing words and definitions and it always came easy to me. So when I would review my work on these previous essays, I noticed how strong my writing sounded, all because I had included enhanced vocabularyRead MoreObsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) Essay1627 Words   |  7 Pagesdisorders are brought on due to both psychological and biological problems. Many of these are anxiety or behavioral disorders. Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is one of these disorders that is an issue in both anxiety and behavioral issues. Its causes may be psychological, biological, or, in most cases, both. Many studies have been conducted on OCD and show that it is a complex disorder with many different symptoms. There have been treatments and medications to help reduce the symptoms and help peopleRead MoreObsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) Essay800 Words   |  4 Pages Obsessive Compul sive Disorder And Its Effect On Life Obsessive-compulsive disorder, or OCD, involves anxious thoughts or rituals one feels and cant control. . For many years, OCD was thought to be rare. The actual number of people with OCD was hidden, because people would hide their problem to avoid embarrassment. Some recent studies show that as many as 3 million Americans ages 18 to 54 may have OCD at any one time. This is about 2.3% of the people in this age group. It strikes men and women inRead MoreEssay on Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)875 Words   |  4 Pagesfind the missing puzzle pieces and solve the mystery of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder. Works Cited Abramowitz, Ph.D., Jon. OCD 101 (Demystifying This Complex Problem) | Psychology Today. Psychology Today: Health, Help, Happiness Find a Therapist. All Things OCD, 1 Nov. 2010. Web. 03 June 2011. http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/all-things-ocd/201011/ocd-101-demystifying-complex-problem. Familydoctor.org Editorial Staff. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: What It Is and How to Treat ItRead MoreMy Favorite Class1331 Words   |  6 Pageswith these new challenges of life. Registering for an English 1101 class, I would never have thought my writing was remotely exceptional. On the first day of class, we had to write these diagnostic essay (I wrote about picking my major) to see where we were at in our writings. The day I received the essay back was the moment where I truly considered the being a writer. Besides my grammar and spelling errors my teacher, Mrs. Emma Perry, wrote â€Å"very powerful and emotionally descriptive writing - are

From Human Prehistory to the Early Civilizations Essay Example For Students

From Human Prehistory to the Early Civilizations Essay Chapter Review Human migration began in eastern Africa, where remains of the earliest types of human remains were found to originate. Gradual migration was caused by the need to find scarce food and slowly caused the spread of the human population across to the Americas and Australia. Agricultural societies first emerged in the middle east. Since population was increasing, it encouraged people to find a more reliable food source and since the ice age had come to an end, it brought the retreat of certain big game animals such as mastodons Settled and built houses? Civilization first arose in egypt, mesopotamia, indus river basin, and china. Characteristics included cities, government, religion, writing, art, and social structure.? The civilizations differed depending on the geography of the location. The geography decided what types of houses agriculture and food sources they needed to survive.? Political kings, government and priesthood? Religious they believed in powerful gods, performed rituals, and had temples for gods? Social alphabet? Economic independent businesses and slaves? People in civilizations looked down upon societies that lacked civilizations.? The government enforced duties and a court system was provided.? Judaism gave the world a clear monotheistic religion.? The older civilizations depended greater on hunting and gathering and the newer civilizations agriculture, domestication of plants and animals. They all used tools, they all believed in a form of religion, had formal governments, and writing. Vocabulary and Identifications Paleolithic Age (Old Stone) The Old Stone Age ending in 12,000 B. C. E; typified by use of crude stone tools and hunting and gathering for subsistence. Neolithic Age (New Stone) The New Stone Age between 8,000 and 5,000 B. C. E. ; period in which adaptation of sedentary agriculture occurred; domestication of plants and animals accomplished.? Slash and Burn Agriculture A system of cultivation typical of shifting cultivators; forest floors cleared by fire are then planted. ? Neolithic Revolution(s) The Succession of technological innovations and changes in human organization that led to the development of agriculture, 8,5000 3,5000 B. C. E.? Pastoralism social organization based on livestock raising as the primary economic activity.? Domestication To tame an animal and keep it as a pet or for farm produce? Sedentary Not migratory ? Civilization the stage of cultural development at which writing and the keeping of written records is attained? Institution a society or organization founded for a religious, educational, social, or similar purpose? Patriarchal a system of society or government controlled by men? Animism A religious outlook that sees gods in many aspect of nature and propitiates them to help control and explain nature, typical of Mesopotamian religoins? Polytheism The belief of more than one god? Monotheism The belief that there is only one god? Map exercises Map 1. 1: The spread of Human Populations, c. 10,000 B. C. E? Africa appears to be the home of humans and their near relatives because the human populations originated in this area.? Human remains such as bones and artifacts provide evidence that verifies that man migrated to the Americas and Australia.? Map 1. 2:The Spread of Agriculture The middle east seems to be the most important core are for agriculture because it spread its agriculture to many more regions than any other core area of agriculture.? The area that had the greater advancements had originated the spread of agriculture to the other areas surrounding it.? Beans and yams had two different areas of first cultivation.? Bananas, rice, and yams arrived in Africa when people from other parts migrated and spread their culture to those parts of Africa. Map 1. 3: Egypt, Kush, and Axum The rivers and many bodies of water protect Egypt from invasion.? The Nile River speeds up transportation.? Egypt would experience foreign contact from the north and south.? Kush is more separated because it isn’t settled near a river.? .u523706839fbdabe78df7a74052d6a287 , .u523706839fbdabe78df7a74052d6a287 .postImageUrl , .u523706839fbdabe78df7a74052d6a287 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u523706839fbdabe78df7a74052d6a287 , .u523706839fbdabe78df7a74052d6a287:hover , .u523706839fbdabe78df7a74052d6a287:visited , .u523706839fbdabe78df7a74052d6a287:active { border:0!important; } .u523706839fbdabe78df7a74052d6a287 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u523706839fbdabe78df7a74052d6a287 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u523706839fbdabe78df7a74052d6a287:active , .u523706839fbdabe78df7a74052d6a287:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u523706839fbdabe78df7a74052d6a287 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u523706839fbdabe78df7a74052d6a287 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u523706839fbdabe78df7a74052d6a287 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u523706839fbdabe78df7a74052d6a287 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u523706839fbdabe78df7a74052d6a287:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u523706839fbdabe78df7a74052d6a287 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u523706839fbdabe78df7a74052d6a287 .u523706839fbdabe78df7a74052d6a287-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u523706839fbdabe78df7a74052d6a287:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Freud Essay On JesusNubia would have the greatest influence on Kush because they neighbor each other. Visualizing the Past: Mesopotamia in Maps? Mesopotamia is exposed to attack because it is centered in a valley. Having larger empires influenced many other civilizations around the empire.? This region would be a crossroad because it was in the center of the route connecting Europe, Asia, and Africa; this would greatly influence the people that traveled the route with the Mesopotamian civilization.? Document analysis: Hammurabi’s Law Code? A. Analysis? The Document was written by the king of Babylon, Hammurabi.? Hammurabi’s point of view was as a king.? The document is very reliable because it is a primary source.? The document was intended to establish rules and procedures for courts of law and helped regulate property right and the duties of family members, and set punishments for crimes.? The intended audience were the people of Mesopotamia.? The document has a serious tone that was meant to be obeyed. ? Drawing Conclusion? The document discussed the duties of family members and it set punishments for crimes.? The document revealed that the Mesopotamians were monotheistic. ? Multiple Choice Questions? The first truly revolutionary transformation of human society was the ______. D. Rise of farming. Women were probably the first farmers because ___________. B. As gatherers they generally knew which seeds to eat and where they grew. The strongest competitor to sedentary agriculture during the Neolithic Age was _____. A. Pastoralism or a nomadic herding way of life. Agriculture surpluses seem to have led most directly to ________. A. The rise of cities? The start of sedentary agriculture __________. E. Began after the abandonment of hunting and gathering Cities in the ancient agrarian civilizations were _______. C. Independent of the local regional economies. 7. In river valley societies priest developed considerable social power because they _____. A. Controlled agriculture Which of these is an example of patriarchal society in the ancient world? E. After marriage, a woman moved to the residence of her husband’s family.? 9. Periodic nomadic invasions in the early history of the Middle East _______.? E. Failed to upset the established political and social patters of the region.? The Fertile Crescent has been called the crossroads of the world because it was __.? D. On the routes connecting Europe, Asia, and Africa.? 11. Unlike Sumer and Egypt, the Indus Valley or Harappan civilization _______.? D. Never developed a military social class.? 12. Compared to river valley cultures in Egypt and Mesopotamia, Chinese civilization ______. A. Probably developed after civilizations in the Nile Valley and Southwest Asia.? The aryan invaders of the Indus Valley ______.? C. Are related to Indo-Europeans and Iranians. In early China, unity and cultural identity were provided by ______. A. Divine monarchs? Unlike the Hardpan civilization, Hindu, Chinese, and Mesopotamian cultures __.? C. Developed systems and technologies to resist or to assimilate nomadic invaders.? Essay Questions The role of a male during the Paleolithic age was supplying food for the population by hunting, but as the first sedentary civilizations arose in the Neolithic ages, women started to play greater roles in supplying food through agriculture.? Indus River and The Huanghe Civilization? Although they were both settled along rivers, the Indus River civilization grew to be prosperous and built many great cities. The civilization along the Haunghe on the other hand developed in great isolation. Both civilizations developed their own distinctive alphabet. Both civilizations had their own advancements, such as the way the people of the Indus River had houses with running water, and the people along the Haunghe were capable or riding horses and used bronze well.? The first river valley civilizations were all controlled or looked up to a ruler. .ud51a3fb681ecbd96f2b0658e00685a57 , .ud51a3fb681ecbd96f2b0658e00685a57 .postImageUrl , .ud51a3fb681ecbd96f2b0658e00685a57 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud51a3fb681ecbd96f2b0658e00685a57 , .ud51a3fb681ecbd96f2b0658e00685a57:hover , .ud51a3fb681ecbd96f2b0658e00685a57:visited , .ud51a3fb681ecbd96f2b0658e00685a57:active { border:0!important; } .ud51a3fb681ecbd96f2b0658e00685a57 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud51a3fb681ecbd96f2b0658e00685a57 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud51a3fb681ecbd96f2b0658e00685a57:active , .ud51a3fb681ecbd96f2b0658e00685a57:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud51a3fb681ecbd96f2b0658e00685a57 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud51a3fb681ecbd96f2b0658e00685a57 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud51a3fb681ecbd96f2b0658e00685a57 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud51a3fb681ecbd96f2b0658e00685a57 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud51a3fb681ecbd96f2b0658e00685a57:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud51a3fb681ecbd96f2b0658e00685a57 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud51a3fb681ecbd96f2b0658e00685a57 .ud51a3fb681ecbd96f2b0658e00685a57-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud51a3fb681ecbd96f2b0658e00685a57:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Children and Television Violence EssayThe ruler was either a king or priest. The people were divided into social class depending on their role in the society. The ruler, the king or priest, was ranked highly. Then came the skilled workers and traders. The lowest class were the serfs or the ‘untouchables. ‘ In the society, men worked in their social class, or the job that they carried out in the society. In the Indus River valley civilization, women were ranked highly because of their ability to produce offspring, but in the Huanghe civilization the authority of the family belongs to the father. The father always arranges the marriages for his daughters, and controls the amount of education received by the children and chooses the career for his sons. ? Both Egypt and Mesopotamia developed differently. Mesopotamia was flat, and had barley any natural barrier to protect it from invasion from the north, this could be the reason why Mesopotamians thought in terms of expansion. Egypt on the other hand wasn’t isolated, but was more independent. There were major trade and interaction along the Nile to the south, which brought common influences with the people f Kush and Ethiopia. Influence and trade also linked Egypt to Mediterranean islands, such as Crete.? From the earlier societies of the Paleolithic societies to the first river valley civilizations, different advancements came about. Lifestyles changed from a nomadic hunting way of life to a sedentary agricultural lifestyle. Some polytheistic beliefs remained but monotheistic beliefs began to arise. Societies began farm ing and irrigating and developed cites and ways of governing themselves. They developed greater tools and the Chinese also developed iron.?

Photochemical Synthesis of Benzopinacol free essay sample

In this reaction, molecules of benzophenone was brought to n((* triplet state where it possibly abstracted hydrogen from isopropyl alcohol and through subsequent reactions of radicals it formed two diphenyl ketyl radical which dimerized into benzopinacol. Subsequently, mixture of synthesized benzopinacol, glacial acetic acid and iodine crystal reacted in an acid-catalyzed rearrangement wherein dehydration of benzopinacol resulted into the formation of carbocation. In this state, an aromatic shifted and then, forming delocalized carbocation. Afterward, regenerating the catalyst stabilized the molecule into benzopinacolone. After qualitative and quantitative analysis of the products, it was found out that benzopinacol was successfully synthesized as attested by the IR spectrum which contained OH broad stretch at 3417. 86 cm-1-3460. 30 cm-1 and overtones at 1800 cm-1-1950 cm-1 region. However, inconsistency was observed in the determined melting point of 200(C-210(C which deviated from theoretical 47. 9(C perhaps due to improper use of the apparatus. Conversely, synthesis of benzopinacolone was not a success as there was no drastic change observed in its IR spectrum to that of benzopinacol and deviation on determined melting point from 175(C-177(C to 190(C-197(C which maybe due to incompletion of reaction. Low yields were also obtained after the experiment as only 18. 16 %( 0. 73g) benzopinacol and 21. 88% (0. 104g) benzopinacolone was collected. I. Introduction Photochemistry is the study of chemical reactions, isomerizations and physical behavior which occurs under the influence of visible or ultraviolet light. There are two fundamental laws in regard with this principle. First, the Grotthuss-Draper law which states that light must be absorb by the compound so as to initiate photochemical reaction. Second, the Stark-Einstein’s law which states that for each photon of light absorbed by the compound, only one molecule is activated for proceeding reactions. Here, the absorption of visible or ultraviolet light excites the molecules wherein change in molecular orbital occupancy, an increase in energy, change in local distribution and change in charge distribution occurs. This excitation results in the population of higher vibrational levels where several phenomena may then take place such as the vibrational energy lost may be use to relax the molecule bringing it to zero vibrational level. Another, the excited state may return to ground state by emitting photon. The energy of this emitted light is lower to the initially absorbed light. This radiative decay is called fluorescence if it takes place rapidly from initial to excited state. And, phosphorescence if it occurs slowly by another excited state. And lastly, the molecule may cleave into radicals. For better illustration, In the Jablonski diagram, shown above, it features possible routes for excited molecule to return into its ground state. In the diagram, electronic states of molecules and transition states are shown. The states are arranged vertically by energy and are grouped horizontally by their spin multiplicity. This visually presents the mechanism in molecule excitation and relaxation. Mostly for aryl ketones like benzophenone, after excitation, it may possibly undergo hydrogen abstraction, bond cleavage or cycloaddtion. Another principle to be employed in this synthesis is the pinacol rearrangement. In this phenomenon, the molecule is dehydrolyzed in the presence of an acid and thus, formation of carbocation occurs. Then, a shift is observed by one of the atoms to the carbocation. And finally, to stabilize the molecule, catalyst is then regenerated to yield the final product. In this experiment, benzopinacol is to be synthesized through photochemical reaction from benzophenone and benzopinacolone via acid-catalyzed rearrangement of benzopinacol. II. Methodology In this experiment, benzopinacol was to be synthesized through photochemical reaction and its acid-catalyzed rearrangement product benzopinacolone. Synthesis of Benzopinacol In this synthesis, 2. 0g of benzophenone was dissolved in 50ml isopropyl alcohol in 50ml Erlenmeyer flask. In this solution, one drop of glacial acetic acid was added. It was then filled with isopropyl alcohol up to the brim. After, the flask was stoppered using a well-rolled cork. It was ensured that very little air as possible was trapped inside the flask. It was tightly bind using a parafilm. The flask was inverted and exposed to sunlight outside the laboratory. After all additional product ceased to form, the reaction mixture was cooled in an ice bath to allow precipitation of benzopinacol. The final product was then filtered off from the solution using a Buchener funnel. Its melting point, yield and infrared spetrum was then obtained. The Acid-Catalyzed Rearrangement of Benzopinacol In this synthesis, in a test tube, 2. 5ml of glacial acetic acid and a small crystal of iodine were placed. In this test tube, 0. 5g of benzopinacol recently synthesized was added. The solution was then heat to dissolve benzopinacol and further heated for 5 minutes. After a stiff paste product formed, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature. The crystalline mass that formed was subsequently reduced to pieces. Using a little ethanol, the paste was thinned. The mixture was then centrifuged and the supernant was decanted leaving the solids in the test tube. Another two centrifugations were performed, note that, small amount of ethanol was added after each decantation. The product formed was then transferred to a filter paper by resuspending the solids in a little cold ethanol. Then, it was filtered through suction. It was subsequently crystallize by dissolving the filtered solids in a 5ml of 2:1 mixture of toluene and hexane in a pre-weighed vial. The vial was covered with aluminum foil with holes and was left in the fume hood to dry the product. Its melting, yield and infared spectrum was obtained the next meeting. III. Results and Discussion In this experiment, it is aimed to synthesized benzopinacol from benzophenone via photochemical reaction and benzopinacolone through acid-catalyzed rearrangement. In the synthesis of benzopinacol, benzophenone underwent photochemical reaction. Here, the starting material was exposed to sunlight which supplied enough energy to excite its molecules. Benzophenone upon absorbing light, undergone a rapid intersystem crossing of n((* singlet state to an energetically close (((* triplet state. Then, the latter rapidly decayed into n((* triplet state. This pathway is shown on the following diagram: Figure 1: Benzophenone Excited State In the diagram, excited benzophenone was relaxed through conversion to a triplet state and subsequently relaxed via phosphorescence. After photoexcitation of benzophenone, hydrogen abstraction reaction subsequently proceeded. Figure 2: Hydrogen Abstraction of Isopropyl Alcohol The n((* triplet state of carbonyl compounds is diradicaloid in nature hence, possibly participate in hydrogen abstraction. In Figure 2, in this mechanism, hydrogen of isopropyl alcohol was abstracted by benzophenone in a n((* triplet state to yield diphenyl ketyl and dimethyl ketyl radical. Figure 3: Radical Transfer Here, radical transfer from the dimethyl ketyl radical to benzophenone occurred in which yielded acetone and another diphenyl ketyl radical. Figure 4: Dimerization of Diphenyl Ketyl Radicals In this last mechanism, the two previously produced diphenyl ketyl radicals dimerized to form benzopinacol. Prior to the reaction mechanism, as done in the procedures, one drop of glacial acetic acid was added in the reaction mixture. It was done to remove the alkali which maybe present in the mixture that would consequently cause decomposition of the product to benzophenone and benzohydrol. After the synthesis, qualitative analysis was done to the synthesized product to verify its success. Figure 5: IR Spectrum of Synthesized Benzopinacol Examining the structure of benzopinacol, it was to be expected to have a broad –OH stretch and overtones region. In the infrared spectrum of the synthesized product as shown in Figure 5, there was a broad stretch at 3417. 86 cm-1-3460. 30 cm-1, encircled in blue, which is markedly due to hydroxyl present in the compound. And, an overtones at 1800 cm-1-1950 cm-1 as shown in the Figure5, encircled with red, is mainly due to the presence of aromatic rings. Another qualitative test done was the melting point determination of the final product. Theoretically, the melting point of benzophenone is 47. 9(C. However, the synthesized product melted at 200(C-210(C. This inconsistency maybe due to improper use of melting point apparatus since there was observed consistency with the infrared spectrum obtained. Quantitatively, the theoretical yield of the product must be 4. 02g however in the synthesis 0. 73g or only 18. 16% was synthesized. Loss of material was maybe due to long storage of the product inside the locker wherein some products spilled out the container. From the synthesized benzophenone, 0. 5g was used to synthesize benzopinacolone via acid catalyzed rearrangement. Figure 6: Benzopinacol Rearrangement In this disproportionation reaction, glacial acetic acid protonated one of the hydroxyl group, hence giving a positive charge on oxygen. Consequently, the compound was then dehydrated where water was removed and thus forming a carbocation. Then, it underwent pinacolone rearrangement wherein an aromatic migrated to the carbocation previously formed and hence, forming a more stable carbocation intermediate where charge was delocalized in a heteroatom as H+ is attached with oxygen. And since, H+ was the catalyst, it was regenerated thus stabilizing the molecule forming benzopinacolone.